Subject: [PATCH v10 2/2] ARM: kprobes: enable OPTPROBES for ARM 32

From: [email-masked] (Jon Medhurst (Tixy))
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2014 14:36:47 +0000

On Fri, 2014-11-21 at 14:35 +0800, Wang Nan wrote:
> This patch introduce kprobeopt for ARM 32.

If I've understood things correctly, this is a feature which inserts
probes by using a branch instruction to some trampoline code rather than
using an undefined instruction as a breakpoint. That way we avoid the
overhead of processing the exception and it is this performance
improvement which is the main/only reason for implementing it?

If so, I though it good to see what kind of improvement we get by
running the micro benchmarks in the kprobes test code. On an A7/A15
big.LITTLE vexpress board the approximate figures I get are 0.3us for
optimised probe, 1us for un-optimised, so a three times performance
improvement. This is with an empty probe pre-handler and no post
handler, so with a more realistic usecase, the relative improvement we
get from optimisation would be less.

I thought it good to see what sort of benefits this code achieves,
especially as it could grow quite complex over time, and the cost of
that versus the benefit should be considered.

> 
> Limitations:
>  - Currently only kernel compiled with ARM ISA is supported.

Supporting Thumb will be very difficult because I don't believe that
putting a branch into an IT block could be made to work, and you can't
feasibly know if an instruction is in an IT block other than by first
using something like the breakpoint probe method and then when that is
hit examine the IT flags to see if they're set. If they aren't you could
then change the probe to an optimised probe. Is transforming the probe
type like that currently supported by the generic kprobes code?

Also, the Thumb branch instruction can only jump half as far as the ARM
mode one. And being 32-bits when a lot of instructions people will want
to probe are 16-bits will be an additional problem, similar as
identified below for ARM instructions...

> 
>  - Offset between probe point and optinsn slot must not larger than
>    32MiB.

I see that elsewhere [1] people are working on supporting loading kernel
modules at locations that are out of the range of a branch instruction,
I guess because with multi-platform kernels and general code bloat
kernels are getting too big. The same reasons would impact the usability
of optimized kprobes as well if they're restricted to the range of a
single branch instruction.

[1] http://lists.infradead.org/pipermail/linux-arm-kernel/2014-November/305539.html

>  Masami Hiramatsu suggests replacing 2 words, it will make
>    things complex. Futher patch can make such optimization.

I'm wondering how can we replace 2 words if we can't determine if the
second word is the target of a branch instruction? E.g. if we had

		b	after_probe
		...
probe_me:	mov	r2, #0
after_probe:	ldr	r0, [r1]

and we inserted a two word probe at probe_me, then the branch to
after_probe would be to the second half of that 2 word probe. Guess that
could be worked around by ensuring the 2nd word is an invalid
instruction and trapping that case then emulating after_probe like we do
unoptimised probes. This assumes that we can come up with an
encoding for a 2 word 'long branch' that was suitable. (For Thumb, I
suspect that we would need at least 3 16-bit instructions to achieve
that).

As the commit message says "will make things complex" and I begin to
wonder if the extra complexity would be worth the benefits. (Considering
that the resulting optimised probe would only be around twice as fast.)

> 
> Kprobe opt on ARM is relatively simpler than kprobe opt on x86 because
> ARM instruction is always 4 bytes aligned and 4 bytes long. This patch
> replace probed instruction by a 'b', branch to trampoline code and then
> calls optimized_callback(). optimized_callback() calls opt_pre_handler()
> to execute kprobe handler. It also emulate/simulate replaced instruction.
> 
> When unregistering kprobe, the deferred manner of unoptimizer may leave
> branch instruction before optimizer is called. Different from x86_64,
> which only copy the probed insn after optprobe_template_end and
> reexecute them, this patch call singlestep to emulate/simulate the insn
> directly. Futher patch can optimize this behavior.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Wang Nan <[email-masked]>
> Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <[email-masked]>
> Cc: Jon Medhurst (Tixy) <[email-masked]>
> Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <[email-masked]>
> Cc: Will Deacon <[email-masked]>
> 
> ---

I initially had some trouble testing this. I tried running the kprobes
test code with some printf's added to the code and it seems that only
very rarely are optimised probes actually executed. This turned out to
be due to the optimization being run as a background task after a delay.
So I ended up hacking kernel/kprobes.c to force some calls to
wait_for_kprobe_optimizer(). It would be nice to have the test code to
robustly cover both optimised and unoptimised cases but that would need
some new exported functions from the generic kprobes code, not sure what
people think of that idea?

Anyway, running the tests in my adhoc way showed up a bug in the
optprobe_template_entry, I have commented on that in the code below,
along with my other review comments....

[...]

> diff --git a/arch/arm/Kconfig b/arch/arm/Kconfig
> index 89c4b5c..8281cea 100644
> --- a/arch/arm/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/arm/Kconfig
> @@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ config ARM
>  	select HAVE_MEMBLOCK
>  	select HAVE_MOD_ARCH_SPECIFIC if ARM_UNWIND
>  	select HAVE_OPROFILE if (HAVE_PERF_EVENTS)
> +	select HAVE_OPTPROBES if (!THUMB2_KERNEL)
>  	select HAVE_PERF_EVENTS
>  	select HAVE_PERF_REGS
>  	select HAVE_PERF_USER_STACK_DUMP
> diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/kprobes.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/kprobes.h
> index 56f9ac6..c1016cb 100644
> --- a/arch/arm/include/asm/kprobes.h
> +++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/kprobes.h
> @@ -50,5 +50,31 @@ int kprobe_fault_handler(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int fsr);
>  int kprobe_exceptions_notify(struct notifier_block *self,
>  			     unsigned long val, void *data);
>  
> +/* optinsn template addresses */
> +extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_entry;

Why do we need the __visible annotation? I'm not suggesting that we
don't, just curious what it achieves. (Code compiles and links OK for me
without it).

> +extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_val;
> +extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_call;
> +extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_end;
> +
> +#define MAX_OPTIMIZED_LENGTH	(4)

The parenthesis around the 4 are not needed. Same for RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE
below.

> +#define MAX_OPTINSN_SIZE				\
> +	(((unsigned long)&optprobe_template_end -	\
> +	  (unsigned long)&optprobe_template_entry))
> +#define RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE	(4)
> +
> +struct arch_optimized_insn {
> +	/*
> +	 * copy of the original instructions.
> +	 * Different from x86, ARM kprobe_opcode_t is u32.
> +	 */
> +#define MAX_COPIED_INSN	((RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE) / sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t))

Whilst the above gives the correct value, I think for correctness it
should be expressed as

#define MAX_COPIED_INSN	(DIV_ROUND_UP(RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE, sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t))

> +	kprobe_opcode_t copied_insn[MAX_COPIED_INSN];
> +	/* detour code buffer */
> +	kprobe_opcode_t *insn;
> +	/*
> +	 *  we always copies one instruction on arm32,
> +	 *  size always be 4, so no size field.
> +	 */

Not sure we need the above comment, it only makes sense if the person
reading it knows what the x86 implementation looks like.

> +};
>  
>  #endif /* _ARM_KPROBES_H */
> diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/Makefile b/arch/arm/kernel/Makefile
> index 45aed4b..8a16fcf 100644
> --- a/arch/arm/kernel/Makefile
> +++ b/arch/arm/kernel/Makefile
> @@ -52,11 +52,12 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER)	+= ftrace.o insn.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL)	+= jump_label.o insn.o patch.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_KEXEC)		+= machine_kexec.o relocate_kernel.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_UPROBES)		+= probes.o probes-arm.o uprobes.o uprobes-arm.o
> -obj-$(CONFIG_KPROBES)		+= probes.o kprobes.o kprobes-common.o patch.o probes-checkers-common.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_KPROBES)		+= probes.o kprobes.o kprobes-common.o patch.o probes-checkers-common.o insn.o
>  ifdef CONFIG_THUMB2_KERNEL
>  obj-$(CONFIG_KPROBES)		+= kprobes-thumb.o probes-thumb.o probes-checkers-thumb.o
>  else
>  obj-$(CONFIG_KPROBES)		+= kprobes-arm.o probes-arm.o probes-checkers-arm.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_OPTPROBES)		+= kprobes-opt-arm.o
>  endif
>  obj-$(CONFIG_ARM_KPROBES_TEST)	+= test-kprobes.o
>  test-kprobes-objs		:= kprobes-test.o
> diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/kprobes-opt-arm.c b/arch/arm/kernel/kprobes-opt-arm.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..f9d213c
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/arm/kernel/kprobes-opt-arm.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
> +/*
> + *  Kernel Probes Jump Optimization (Optprobes)
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
> + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
> + * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
> + * (at your option) any later version.
> + *
> + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
> + * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
> + * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
> + * GNU General Public License for more details.
> + *
> + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
> + * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
> + * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
> + *
> + * Copyright (C) IBM Corporation, 2002, 2004
> + * Copyright (C) Hitachi Ltd., 2012
> + * Copyright (C) Huawei Inc., 2014
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/kprobes.h>
> +#include <linux/jump_label.h>
> +#include <asm/kprobes.h>
> +#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
> +/* for arm_gen_branch */
> +#include "insn.h"
> +/* for patch_text */
> +#include "patch.h"
> +
> +/*
> + * NOTE: the first sub and add instruction will be modified according
> + * to the stack cost of the instruction.
> + */
> +asm (
> +			".global optprobe_template_entry\n"
> +			"optprobe_template_entry:\n"
> +			"	sub	sp, sp, #0xff\n"
> +			"	stmia	sp, {r0 - r14} \n"

AEABI requires that the stack be aligned to a multiple of 8 bytes at
function call boundaries, however kprobes can be inserted in the middle
of functions where such alignment isn't guaranteed to be maintained.
Therefore, this trampoline code needs to make adjust SP if necessary to
ensure that alignment. See svc_entry in arch/arm/kernel/entry-armv.S for
an example of how this is done; though note, we can't use that exact
method because we can't change the flags value without saving them
first. (Exception handlers don't have to worry about that because the
flags are saved in spsr).

> +			"	add	r3, sp, #0xff\n"
> +			"	str	r3, [sp, #52]\n"
> +			"	mrs	r4, cpsr\n"
> +			"	str	r4, [sp, #64]\n"
> +			"	mov	r1, sp\n"
> +			"	ldr	r0, 1f\n"
> +			"	ldr	r2, 2f\n"
> +			"	blx	r2\n"
> +			"	ldr	r1, [sp, #64]\n"
> +			"	msr	cpsr_fs, r1\n"

The above instruction should be "msr cpsr_cxsf, r1" so that other flags
in CPSR (like GE bits) are also restored. And as even that won't switch
to Thumb mode (as required when simulating the BLX instruction) we also
need something like the following before that "msr cpsr_cxsf, r1"

			"	tst	r1, #"__stringify(PSR_T_BIT)"\n"
			"	ldrne	r2, [sp, #60]\n"
			"	orrne	r2, #1\n"
			"	strne	r2, [sp, #60]  @ set bit0 of PC for thumb\n"

> +			"	ldmia	sp, {r0 - r15}\n"
> +			".global optprobe_template_val\n"
> +			"optprobe_template_val:\n"
> +			"1:	.long 0\n"
> +			".global optprobe_template_call\n"
> +			"optprobe_template_call:\n"
> +			"2:	.long 0\n"
> +			".global optprobe_template_end\n"
> +			"optprobe_template_end:\n");
> +
> +#define TMPL_VAL_IDX \
> +	((long)&optprobe_template_val - (long)&optprobe_template_entry)
> +#define TMPL_CALL_IDX \
> +	((long)&optprobe_template_call - (long)&optprobe_template_entry)
> +#define TMPL_END_IDX \
> +	((long)&optprobe_template_end - (long)&optprobe_template_entry)
> +
> +/*
> + * ARM can always optimize an instruction when using ARM ISA, except
> + * instructions like 'str r0, [sp, r1]' which store to stack and unable
> + * to determine stack space consumption statically.
> + */
> +int arch_prepared_optinsn(struct arch_optimized_insn *optinsn)
> +{
> +	return optinsn->insn != NULL;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * In ARM ISA, kprobe opt always replace one instruction (4 bytes
> + * aligned and 4 bytes long). It is impossiable to encounter another

There's a typo above, s/impossiable/impossible/

> + * kprobe in the address range. So always return 0.
> + */
> +int arch_check_optimized_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op)
> +{
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +/* Caller must ensure addr & 3 == 0 */
> +static int can_optimize(struct kprobe *kp)
> +{
> +	if (kp->ainsn.stack_space < 0)
> +		return 0;
> +	/*
> +	 * 255 is the biggest imm can be used in 'sub r0, r0, #<imm>'.
> +	 * Number larger than 255 needs special encoding.
> +	 */
> +	if (kp->ainsn.stack_space > 255 - sizeof(struct pt_regs))
> +		return 0;
> +	return 1;
> +}
> +
> +/* Free optimized instruction slot */
> +static void
> +__arch_remove_optimized_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op, int dirty)
> +{
> +	if (op->optinsn.insn) {
> +		free_optinsn_slot(op->optinsn.insn, dirty);
> +		op->optinsn.insn = NULL;
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +extern void kprobe_handler(struct pt_regs *regs);
> +
> +static void
> +optimized_callback(struct optimized_kprobe *op, struct pt_regs *regs)
> +{
> +	unsigned long flags;
> +	struct kprobe *p = &op->kp;
> +	struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
> +
> +	/* Save skipped registers */
> +	regs->ARM_pc = (unsigned long)op->kp.addr;
> +	regs->ARM_ORIG_r0 = ~0UL;
> +
> +	local_irq_save(flags);
> +
> +	if (kprobe_running()) {
> +		kprobes_inc_nmissed_count(&op->kp);
> +	} else {
> +		__this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, &op->kp);
> +		kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE;
> +		opt_pre_handler(&op->kp, regs);
> +		__this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, NULL);
> +	}
> +
> +	/* In each case, we must singlestep the replaced instruction. */
> +	op->kp.ainsn.insn_singlestep(p->opcode, &p->ainsn, regs);
> +
> +	local_irq_restore(flags);
> +}
> +
> +int arch_prepare_optimized_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op, struct kprobe *orig)
> +{
> +	u8 *buf;
> +	unsigned long *code;
> +	unsigned long rel_chk;
> +	unsigned long val;
> +	unsigned long stack_protect = sizeof(struct pt_regs);
> +
> +	if (!can_optimize(orig))
> +		return -EILSEQ;
> +
> +	buf = (u8 *)get_optinsn_slot();
> +	if (!buf)
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Verify if the address gap is in 32MiB range, because this uses
> +	 * a relative jump.
> +	 *
> +	 * kprobe opt use a 'b' instruction to branch to optinsn.insn.
> +	 * According to ARM manual, branch instruction is:
> +	 *
> +	 *   31  28 27           24 23             0
> +	 *  +------+---+---+---+---+----------------+
> +	 *  | cond | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |      imm24     |
> +	 *  +------+---+---+---+---+----------------+
> +	 *
> +	 * imm24 is a signed 24 bits integer. The real branch offset is computed
> +	 * by: imm32 = SignExtend(imm24:'00', 32);
> +	 *
> +	 * So the maximum forward branch should be:
> +	 *   (0x007fffff << 2) = 0x01fffffc =  0x1fffffc
> +	 * The maximum backword branch should be:
> +	 *   (0xff800000 << 2) = 0xfe000000 = -0x2000000
> +	 *
> +	 * We can simply check (rel & 0xfe000003):
> +	 *  if rel is positive, (rel & 0xfe000000) shoule be 0
> +	 *  if rel is negitive, (rel & 0xfe000000) should be 0xfe000000
> +	 *  the last '3' is used for alignment checking.
> +	 */
> +	rel_chk = (unsigned long)((long)buf -
> +			(long)orig->addr + 8) & 0xfe000003;
> +
> +	if ((rel_chk != 0) && (rel_chk != 0xfe000000)) {
> +		/*
> +		 * Different from x86, we free buf directly instead of
> +		 * calling __arch_remove_optimized_kprobe() because
> +		 * we have not fill any field in op.
> +		 */
> +		free_optinsn_slot((kprobe_opcode_t *)buf, 0);
> +		return -ERANGE;
> +	}
> +
> +	/* Copy arch-dep-instance from template. */
> +	memcpy(buf, &optprobe_template_entry, TMPL_END_IDX);
> +
> +	/* Adjust buffer according to instruction. */
> +	BUG_ON(orig->ainsn.stack_space < 0);
> +	stack_protect += orig->ainsn.stack_space;
> +
> +	/* Should have been filtered by can_optimize(). */
> +	BUG_ON(stack_protect > 255);
> +
> +	/* Create a 'sub sp, sp, #<stack_protect>' */
> +	code = (unsigned long *)(buf);
> +	code[0] = __opcode_to_mem_arm(0xe24dd000 | stack_protect);
> +	/* Create a 'add r3, sp, #<stack_protect>' */
> +	code[2] = __opcode_to_mem_arm(0xe28d3000 | stack_protect);

Rather than use code[0] and code[2] it's best to use index values
calculated from labels in the template code, like we do with
TMPL_VAL_IDX and TMPL_CALL_IDX...

> +
> +	/* Set probe information */
> +	val = (unsigned long)op;
> +	memcpy(buf + TMPL_VAL_IDX, &val, sizeof(val));

As this, and the other values in the template that we modify are 32-bit
values, and must be aligned to 32-bit addresses, we could avoid using
memcpy by treating the template as an array of longs. E.g. change
TMPL_VAL_IDX to be

#define TMPL_VAL_IDX \
	((unsigned long *)&optprobe_template_val - (unsigned long *)&optprobe_template_entry)

then instead of memcpy we could do

	code[TMPL_VAL_IDX] = (unsigned long)op;

> +
> +	/* Set probe function call */
> +	val = (unsigned long)optimized_callback;
> +	memcpy(buf + TMPL_CALL_IDX, &val, sizeof(val));
> +
> +	flush_icache_range((unsigned long)buf,
> +			   (unsigned long)buf + TMPL_END_IDX);
> +
> +	/* Set op->optinsn.insn means prepared */
> +	op->optinsn.insn = (kprobe_opcode_t *)buf;
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +void arch_optimize_kprobes(struct list_head *oplist)
> +{
> +	struct optimized_kprobe *op, *tmp;
> +
> +	list_for_each_entry_safe(op, tmp, oplist, list) {
> +		unsigned long insn;
> +		WARN_ON(kprobe_disabled(&op->kp));
> +
> +		/*
> +		 * Backup instructions which will be replaced
> +		 * by jump address
> +		 */
> +		memcpy(op->optinsn.copied_insn, op->kp.addr,
> +				RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE);
> +
> +		insn = arm_gen_branch((unsigned long)op->kp.addr,
> +				(unsigned long)op->optinsn.insn);
> +		BUG_ON(insn == 0);
> +
> +		/*
> +		 * Make it a conditional branch if replaced insn
> +		 * is consitional

There's a typo above, s/consitional/conditional/

[Rest of patch trimmed]

-- 
Tixy