Subject: Re: [PATCH 03/14] KVM: arm64: Support host MMIO trap handlers for unmapped devices

From: Vincent Donnefort <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2026 10:59:29 +0000

On Tue, Mar 10, 2026 at 12:49:22PM +0000, Sebastian Ene wrote:
> Introduce a mechanism to register callbacks for MMIO accesses to regions
> unmapped from the host Stage-2 page tables.
> 
> This infrastructure allows the hypervisor to intercept host accesses to
> protected or emulated devices. When a Stage-2 fault occurs on a
> registered device region, the hypervisor will invoke the associated
> callback to emulate the access.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Sebastian Ene <[email-masked]>
> ---
>  arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_arm.h      |  3 ++
>  arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_pkvm.h     |  6 ++++
>  arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mem_protect.c | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c       |  3 ++
>  4 files changed, 53 insertions(+)
> 
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_arm.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_arm.h
> index 3f9233b5a130..8fe1e80ab3f4 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_arm.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_arm.h
> @@ -304,6 +304,9 @@
>  
>  /* Hyp Prefetch Fault Address Register (HPFAR/HDFAR) */
>  #define HPFAR_MASK	(~UL(0xf))
> +
> +#define FAR_MASK	GENMASK_ULL(11, 0)
> +
>  /*
>   * We have
>   *	PAR	[PA_Shift - 1	: 12] = PA	[PA_Shift - 1 : 12]
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_pkvm.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_pkvm.h
> index 48ec7d519399..5321ced2f50a 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_pkvm.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_pkvm.h
> @@ -19,9 +19,15 @@
>  
>  #define PKVM_PROTECTED_REGS_NUM	8
>  
> +struct pkvm_protected_reg;
> +
> +typedef void (pkvm_emulate_handler)(struct pkvm_protected_reg *region, u64 offset, bool write,
> +				    u64 *reg, u8 reg_size);
> +
>  struct pkvm_protected_reg {
>  	u64 start_pfn;
>  	size_t num_pages;
> +	pkvm_emulate_handler *cb;
>  };
>  
>  extern struct pkvm_protected_reg kvm_nvhe_sym(pkvm_protected_regs)[];
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mem_protect.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mem_protect.c
> index 7c125836b533..f405d2fbd88f 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mem_protect.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mem_protect.c
> @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
>  #include <asm/stage2_pgtable.h>
>  
>  #include <hyp/fault.h>
> +#include <hyp/adjust_pc.h>
>  
>  #include <nvhe/gfp.h>
>  #include <nvhe/memory.h>
> @@ -608,6 +609,41 @@ static int host_stage2_idmap(u64 addr)
>  	return ret;
>  }
>  
> +static bool handle_host_mmio_trap(struct kvm_cpu_context *host_ctxt, u64 esr, u64 addr)
> +{
> +	u64 offset, reg_value = 0, start, end;
> +	u8 reg_size, reg_index;
> +	bool write;
> +	int i;
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < num_protected_reg; i++) {

This is potentially slow for a fast path. As this is an array, we could sort it
and do a binary search, just like find_mem_range?

> +		start = pkvm_protected_regs[i].start_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT;
> +		end = start + (pkvm_protected_regs[i].num_pages << PAGE_SHIFT);
> +
> +		if (start > addr || addr > end)
> +			continue;
> +
> +		reg_size = BIT((esr & ESR_ELx_SAS) >> ESR_ELx_SAS_SHIFT);
> +		reg_index = (esr & ESR_ELx_SRT_MASK) >> ESR_ELx_SRT_SHIFT;
> +		write = (esr & ESR_ELx_WNR) == ESR_ELx_WNR;
> +		offset = addr - start;
> +
> +		if (write)
> +			reg_value = host_ctxt->regs.regs[reg_index];
> +
> +		pkvm_protected_regs[i].cb(&pkvm_protected_regs[i], offset, write,
> +					  &reg_value, reg_size);
> +
> +		if (!write)
> +			host_ctxt->regs.regs[reg_index] = reg_value;
> +
> +		kvm_skip_host_instr();
> +		return true;
> +	}
> +
> +	return false;
> +}
> +
>  void handle_host_mem_abort(struct kvm_cpu_context *host_ctxt)
>  {
>  	struct kvm_vcpu_fault_info fault;
> @@ -630,6 +666,11 @@ void handle_host_mem_abort(struct kvm_cpu_context *host_ctxt)
>  	 */
>  	BUG_ON(!(fault.hpfar_el2 & HPFAR_EL2_NS));
>  	addr = FIELD_GET(HPFAR_EL2_FIPA, fault.hpfar_el2) << 12;
> +	addr |= fault.far_el2 & FAR_MASK;
> +
> +	if (ESR_ELx_EC(esr) == ESR_ELx_EC_DABT_LOW && !addr_is_memory(addr) &&
> +	    handle_host_mmio_trap(host_ctxt, esr, addr))
> +		return;
>  
>  	ret = host_stage2_idmap(addr);
>  	BUG_ON(ret && ret != -EAGAIN);
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c
> index ad5b96085e1b..f91dfebe9980 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c
> @@ -296,6 +296,9 @@ static int unmap_protected_regions(void)
>  			if (ret)
>  				goto err_setup;
>  		}
> +
> +		if (reg->cb)
> +			reg->cb = kern_hyp_va(reg->cb);
>  	}
>  
>  	return 0;
> -- 
> 2.53.0.473.g4a7958ca14-goog
>