Subject: [PATCH v2 22/28] arch, mm: consolidate initialization of nodes, zones and memory map

From: Mike Rapoport <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 2 Jan 2026 08:59:58 +0200

From: "Mike Rapoport (Microsoft)" <[email-masked]>

To initialize node, zone and memory map data structures every architecture
calls free_area_init() during setup_arch() and passes it an array of zone
limits.

Beside code duplication it creates "interesting" ordering cases between
allocation and initialization of hugetlb and the memory map. Some
architectures allocate hugetlb pages very early in setup_arch() in certain
cases, some only create hugetlb CMA areas in setup_arch() and sometimes
hugetlb allocations happen mm_core_init().

With arch_zone_limits_init() helper available now on all architectures it
is no longer necessary to call free_area_init() from architecture setup
code. Rather core MM initialization can call arch_zone_limits_init() in a
single place.

This allows to unify ordering of hugetlb vs memory map allocation and
initialization.

Remove the call to free_area_init() from architecture specific code and
place it in a new mm_core_init_early() function that is called immediately
after setup_arch().

After this refactoring it is possible to consolidate hugetlb allocations
and eliminate differences in ordering of hugetlb and memory map
initialization among different architectures.

As the first step of this consolidation move hugetlb_bootmem_alloc() to
mm_core_early_init().

Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <[email-masked]>
---
 arch/alpha/mm/init.c                 |  9 +--------
 arch/arc/mm/init.c                   |  5 -----
 arch/arm/mm/init.c                   | 16 ----------------
 arch/arm64/mm/init.c                 |  4 ----
 arch/csky/kernel/setup.c             |  4 ----
 arch/hexagon/mm/init.c               | 12 ------------
 arch/loongarch/include/asm/pgtable.h |  2 --
 arch/loongarch/kernel/setup.c        |  2 --
 arch/loongarch/mm/init.c             |  8 --------
 arch/m68k/mm/init.c                  |  3 ---
 arch/m68k/mm/mcfmmu.c                |  3 ---
 arch/m68k/mm/motorola.c              |  6 +-----
 arch/m68k/mm/sun3mmu.c               |  9 ---------
 arch/microblaze/mm/init.c            |  7 -------
 arch/mips/loongson64/numa.c          |  4 ----
 arch/mips/mm/init.c                  |  5 -----
 arch/mips/sgi-ip27/ip27-memory.c     |  4 ----
 arch/nios2/mm/init.c                 |  6 ------
 arch/openrisc/mm/init.c              | 10 ----------
 arch/parisc/mm/init.c                |  9 ---------
 arch/powerpc/mm/mem.c                |  4 ----
 arch/riscv/mm/init.c                 |  9 ---------
 arch/s390/mm/init.c                  |  5 -----
 arch/sh/mm/init.c                    |  5 -----
 arch/sparc/mm/init_64.c              | 11 -----------
 arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c                |  7 -------
 arch/um/kernel/mem.c                 |  5 -----
 arch/x86/mm/init.c                   | 10 ----------
 arch/x86/mm/init_32.c                |  1 -
 arch/x86/mm/init_64.c                |  2 --
 arch/x86/mm/mm_internal.h            |  1 -
 arch/xtensa/mm/init.c                |  4 ----
 include/linux/mm.h                   |  4 ++--
 init/main.c                          |  1 +
 mm/mm_init.c                         | 18 ++++++++++--------
 35 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 200 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/alpha/mm/init.c b/arch/alpha/mm/init.c
index cd0cb1abde5f..9531cbc761c0 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/mm/init.c
@@ -220,17 +220,10 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn)
 }
 
 /*
- * paging_init() sets up the memory map.
+ * paging_init() initializes the kernel's ZERO_PGE.
  */
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = {0, };
-
-	/* Initialize mem_map[].  */
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
-
-	/* Initialize the kernel's ZERO_PGE. */
 	memset(absolute_pointer(ZERO_PGE), 0, PAGE_SIZE);
 }
 
diff --git a/arch/arc/mm/init.c b/arch/arc/mm/init.c
index ff7974d38011..a5e92f46e5d1 100644
--- a/arch/arc/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/arc/mm/init.c
@@ -102,8 +102,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn)
  */
 void __init setup_arch_memory(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
-
 	setup_initial_init_mm(_text, _etext, _edata, _end);
 
 	/* first page of system - kernel .vector starts here */
@@ -158,9 +156,6 @@ void __init setup_arch_memory(void)
 	arch_pfn_offset = min(min_low_pfn, min_high_pfn);
 	kmap_init();
 #endif /* CONFIG_HIGHMEM */
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
 }
 
 void __init arch_mm_preinit(void)
diff --git a/arch/arm/mm/init.c b/arch/arm/mm/init.c
index bdcc3639681f..a8f7b4084715 100644
--- a/arch/arm/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/arm/mm/init.c
@@ -118,15 +118,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn)
 #endif
 }
 
-static void __init zone_sizes_init(unsigned long min, unsigned long max_low,
-	unsigned long max_high)
-{
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
-}
-
 #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_PFN_VALID
 int pfn_valid(unsigned long pfn)
 {
@@ -222,13 +213,6 @@ void __init bootmem_init(void)
 	 * done after the fixed reservations
 	 */
 	sparse_init();
-
-	/*
-	 * Now free the memory - free_area_init needs
-	 * the sparse mem_map arrays initialized by sparse_init()
-	 * for memmap_init_zone(), otherwise all PFNs are invalid.
-	 */
-	zone_sizes_init(min_low_pfn, max_low_pfn, max_pfn);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/init.c b/arch/arm64/mm/init.c
index 06815d34cc11..3641e88ea871 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/mm/init.c
@@ -134,7 +134,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 
 static void __init dma_limits_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES]  = {0};
 	phys_addr_t __maybe_unused acpi_zone_dma_limit;
 	phys_addr_t __maybe_unused dt_zone_dma_limit;
 	phys_addr_t __maybe_unused dma32_phys_limit =
@@ -160,9 +159,6 @@ static void __init dma_limits_init(void)
 #endif
 	if (!arm64_dma_phys_limit)
 		arm64_dma_phys_limit = PHYS_MASK + 1;
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
 }
 
 int pfn_is_map_memory(unsigned long pfn)
diff --git a/arch/csky/kernel/setup.c b/arch/csky/kernel/setup.c
index 8968815d93e6..4bf3c01ead3a 100644
--- a/arch/csky/kernel/setup.c
+++ b/arch/csky/kernel/setup.c
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ static void __init csky_memblock_init(void)
 {
 	unsigned long lowmem_size = PFN_DOWN(LOWMEM_LIMIT - PHYS_OFFSET_OFFSET);
 	unsigned long sseg_size = PFN_DOWN(SSEG_SIZE - PHYS_OFFSET_OFFSET);
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
 	signed long size;
 
 	memblock_reserve(__pa(_start), _end - _start);
@@ -101,9 +100,6 @@ static void __init csky_memblock_init(void)
 	memblock_set_current_limit(PFN_PHYS(max_low_pfn));
 
 	dma_contiguous_reserve(0);
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
 }
 
 void __init setup_arch(char **cmdline_p)
diff --git a/arch/hexagon/mm/init.c b/arch/hexagon/mm/init.c
index e2c9487d8d34..07086dbd33fd 100644
--- a/arch/hexagon/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/hexagon/mm/init.c
@@ -66,20 +66,8 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 	max_zone_pfns[ZONE_NORMAL] = max_low_pfn;
 }
 
-/*
- * In order to set up page allocator "nodes",
- * somebody has to call free_area_init() for UMA.
- *
- * In this mode, we only have one pg_data_t
- * structure: contig_mem_data.
- */
 static void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = {0, };
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);  /*  sets up the zonelists and mem_map  */
-
 	/*
 	 * Set the init_mm descriptors "context" value to point to the
 	 * initial kernel segment table's physical address.
diff --git a/arch/loongarch/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/loongarch/include/asm/pgtable.h
index f41a648a3d9e..c33b3bcb733e 100644
--- a/arch/loongarch/include/asm/pgtable.h
+++ b/arch/loongarch/include/asm/pgtable.h
@@ -353,8 +353,6 @@ static inline pte_t pte_swp_clear_exclusive(pte_t pte)
 	return pte;
 }
 
-extern void paging_init(void);
-
 #define pte_none(pte)		(!(pte_val(pte) & ~_PAGE_GLOBAL))
 #define pte_present(pte)	(pte_val(pte) & (_PAGE_PRESENT | _PAGE_PROTNONE))
 #define pte_no_exec(pte)	(pte_val(pte) & _PAGE_NO_EXEC)
diff --git a/arch/loongarch/kernel/setup.c b/arch/loongarch/kernel/setup.c
index 20cb6f306456..708ac025db71 100644
--- a/arch/loongarch/kernel/setup.c
+++ b/arch/loongarch/kernel/setup.c
@@ -621,8 +621,6 @@ void __init setup_arch(char **cmdline_p)
 	prefill_possible_map();
 #endif
 
-	paging_init();
-
 #ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
 	kasan_init();
 #endif
diff --git a/arch/loongarch/mm/init.c b/arch/loongarch/mm/init.c
index 17235f87eafb..c331bf69d2ec 100644
--- a/arch/loongarch/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/loongarch/mm/init.c
@@ -68,14 +68,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 	max_zone_pfns[ZONE_NORMAL] = max_low_pfn;
 }
 
-void __init paging_init(void)
-{
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES];
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
-}
-
 void __ref free_initmem(void)
 {
 	free_initmem_default(POISON_FREE_INITMEM);
diff --git a/arch/m68k/mm/init.c b/arch/m68k/mm/init.c
index 6b1d9d2434b5..53b71f786c27 100644
--- a/arch/m68k/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/m68k/mm/init.c
@@ -69,13 +69,10 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	 * page_alloc get different views of the world.
 	 */
 	unsigned long end_mem = memory_end & PAGE_MASK;
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
 
 	high_memory = (void *) end_mem;
 
 	empty_zero_page = memblock_alloc_or_panic(PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE);
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
 }
 
 #endif /* CONFIG_MMU */
diff --git a/arch/m68k/mm/mcfmmu.c b/arch/m68k/mm/mcfmmu.c
index 24a6f7bbd1ce..3418fd864237 100644
--- a/arch/m68k/mm/mcfmmu.c
+++ b/arch/m68k/mm/mcfmmu.c
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	pte_t *pg_table;
 	unsigned long address, size;
 	unsigned long next_pgtable;
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
 	int i;
 
 	empty_zero_page = memblock_alloc_or_panic(PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE);
@@ -73,8 +72,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	}
 
 	current->mm = NULL;
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
 }
 
 int cf_tlb_miss(struct pt_regs *regs, int write, int dtlb, int extension_word)
diff --git a/arch/m68k/mm/motorola.c b/arch/m68k/mm/motorola.c
index d6ccd23caf61..127a3fa69f4c 100644
--- a/arch/m68k/mm/motorola.c
+++ b/arch/m68k/mm/motorola.c
@@ -429,7 +429,6 @@ DECLARE_VM_GET_PAGE_PROT
  */
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
 	unsigned long min_addr, max_addr;
 	unsigned long addr;
 	int i;
@@ -511,12 +510,9 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	set_fc(USER_DATA);
 
 #ifdef DEBUG
-	printk ("before free_area_init\n");
+	printk ("before node_set_state\n");
 #endif
 	for (i = 0; i < m68k_num_memory; i++)
 		if (node_present_pages(i))
 			node_set_state(i, N_NORMAL_MEMORY);
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
 }
diff --git a/arch/m68k/mm/sun3mmu.c b/arch/m68k/mm/sun3mmu.c
index fdd69cc4240c..c801677f7df8 100644
--- a/arch/m68k/mm/sun3mmu.c
+++ b/arch/m68k/mm/sun3mmu.c
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	unsigned long address;
 	unsigned long next_pgtable;
 	unsigned long bootmem_end;
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
 	unsigned long size;
 
 	empty_zero_page = memblock_alloc_or_panic(PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE);
@@ -80,14 +79,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	mmu_emu_init(bootmem_end);
 
 	current->mm = NULL;
-
-	/* memory sizing is a hack stolen from motorola.c..  hope it works for us */
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-
-	/* I really wish I knew why the following change made things better...  -- Sam */
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
-
-
 }
 
 static const pgprot_t protection_map[16] = {
diff --git a/arch/microblaze/mm/init.c b/arch/microblaze/mm/init.c
index 54da60b81094..848cdee1380c 100644
--- a/arch/microblaze/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/microblaze/mm/init.c
@@ -69,22 +69,15 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
  */
 static void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long zones_size[MAX_NR_ZONES];
 	int idx;
 
 	/* Setup fixmaps */
 	for (idx = 0; idx < __end_of_fixed_addresses; idx++)
 		clear_fixmap(idx);
 
-	/* Clean every zones */
-	memset(zones_size, 0, sizeof(zones_size));
-
 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
 	highmem_init();
 #endif
-	arch_zone_limits_init(zones_size);
-	/* We don't have holes in memory map */
-	free_area_init(zones_size);
 }
 
 void __init setup_memory(void)
diff --git a/arch/mips/loongson64/numa.c b/arch/mips/loongson64/numa.c
index f72a58f87878..2cd95020df08 100644
--- a/arch/mips/loongson64/numa.c
+++ b/arch/mips/loongson64/numa.c
@@ -162,11 +162,7 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long zones_size[MAX_NR_ZONES] = {0, };
-
 	pagetable_init();
-	arch_zone_limits_init(zones_size);
-	free_area_init(zones_size);
 }
 
 /* All PCI device belongs to logical Node-0 */
diff --git a/arch/mips/mm/init.c b/arch/mips/mm/init.c
index ab08249cfede..c479c42141c3 100644
--- a/arch/mips/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/mips/mm/init.c
@@ -417,12 +417,7 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES];
-
 	pagetable_init();
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
 }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
diff --git a/arch/mips/sgi-ip27/ip27-memory.c b/arch/mips/sgi-ip27/ip27-memory.c
index babeb0e07687..082651facf4f 100644
--- a/arch/mips/sgi-ip27/ip27-memory.c
+++ b/arch/mips/sgi-ip27/ip27-memory.c
@@ -413,9 +413,5 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long zones_size[MAX_NR_ZONES] = {0, };
-
 	pagetable_init();
-	arch_zone_limits_init(zones_size);
-	free_area_init(zones_size);
 }
diff --git a/arch/nios2/mm/init.c b/arch/nios2/mm/init.c
index 2cb666a65d9e..6b22f1995c16 100644
--- a/arch/nios2/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/nios2/mm/init.c
@@ -51,15 +51,9 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
  */
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
-
 	pagetable_init();
 	pgd_current = swapper_pg_dir;
 
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	/* pass the memory from the bootmem allocator to the main allocator */
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
-
 	flush_dcache_range((unsigned long)empty_zero_page,
 			(unsigned long)empty_zero_page + PAGE_SIZE);
 }
diff --git a/arch/openrisc/mm/init.c b/arch/openrisc/mm/init.c
index 67de93e7a685..78fb0734cdbc 100644
--- a/arch/openrisc/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/openrisc/mm/init.c
@@ -47,14 +47,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 	max_zone_pfns[ZONE_NORMAL] = max_low_pfn;
 }
 
-static void __init zone_sizes_init(void)
-{
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
-}
-
 extern const char _s_kernel_ro[], _e_kernel_ro[];
 
 /*
@@ -145,8 +137,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 
 	map_ram();
 
-	zone_sizes_init();
-
 	/* self modifying code ;) */
 	/* Since the old TLB miss handler has been running up until now,
 	 * the kernel pages are still all RW, so we can still modify the
diff --git a/arch/parisc/mm/init.c b/arch/parisc/mm/init.c
index dc5bd3efe738..ce6f09ab7a90 100644
--- a/arch/parisc/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/parisc/mm/init.c
@@ -698,14 +698,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 	max_zone_pfns[ZONE_NORMAL] = PFN_DOWN(memblock_end_of_DRAM());
 }
 
-static void __init parisc_bootmem_free(void)
-{
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
-}
-
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
 	setup_bootmem();
@@ -716,7 +708,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	flush_tlb_all_local(NULL);
 
 	sparse_init();
-	parisc_bootmem_free();
 }
 
 static void alloc_btlb(unsigned long start, unsigned long end, int *slot,
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/mm/mem.c b/arch/powerpc/mm/mem.c
index 32c496bfab4f..72d4993192a6 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/mm/mem.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/mm/mem.c
@@ -237,7 +237,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
  */
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES];
 	unsigned long long total_ram = memblock_phys_mem_size();
 	phys_addr_t top_of_ram = memblock_end_of_DRAM();
 	int zone_dma_bits;
@@ -269,9 +268,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 
 	zone_dma_limit = DMA_BIT_MASK(zone_dma_bits);
 
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
-
 	mark_nonram_nosave();
 }
 
diff --git a/arch/riscv/mm/init.c b/arch/riscv/mm/init.c
index 97e8661fbcff..79b4792578c4 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/mm/init.c
@@ -87,14 +87,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 	max_zone_pfns[ZONE_NORMAL] = max_low_pfn;
 }
 
-static void __init zone_sizes_init(void)
-{
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
-}
-
 #if defined(CONFIG_MMU) && defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_VM)
 
 #define LOG2_SZ_1K  ilog2(SZ_1K)
@@ -1443,7 +1435,6 @@ void __init misc_mem_init(void)
 	/* The entire VMEMMAP region has been populated. Flush TLB for this region */
 	local_flush_tlb_kernel_range(VMEMMAP_START, VMEMMAP_END);
 #endif
-	zone_sizes_init();
 	arch_reserve_crashkernel();
 	memblock_dump_all();
 }
diff --git a/arch/s390/mm/init.c b/arch/s390/mm/init.c
index 1c11ad84dddb..9ec608b5cbb1 100644
--- a/arch/s390/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/s390/mm/init.c
@@ -97,14 +97,9 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
  */
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES];
-
 	vmem_map_init();
 	sparse_init();
 	zone_dma_limit = DMA_BIT_MASK(31);
-	memset(max_zone_pfns, 0, sizeof(max_zone_pfns));
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
 }
 
 void mark_rodata_ro(void)
diff --git a/arch/sh/mm/init.c b/arch/sh/mm/init.c
index 5e7e63642611..3edee854b755 100644
--- a/arch/sh/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/sh/mm/init.c
@@ -271,7 +271,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES];
 	unsigned long vaddr, end;
 
 	sh_mv.mv_mem_init();
@@ -325,10 +324,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	page_table_range_init(vaddr, end, swapper_pg_dir);
 
 	kmap_coherent_init();
-
-	memset(max_zone_pfns, 0, sizeof(max_zone_pfns));
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
 }
 
 unsigned int mem_init_done = 0;
diff --git a/arch/sparc/mm/init_64.c b/arch/sparc/mm/init_64.c
index fbaad449dfc9..931f872ce84a 100644
--- a/arch/sparc/mm/init_64.c
+++ b/arch/sparc/mm/init_64.c
@@ -2459,17 +2459,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 
 	kernel_physical_mapping_init();
 
-	{
-		unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES];
-
-		memset(max_zone_pfns, 0, sizeof(max_zone_pfns));
-
-		max_zone_pfns[ZONE_NORMAL] = end_pfn;
-
-		arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-		free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	}
-
 	printk("Booting Linux...\n");
 }
 
diff --git a/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c b/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c
index 81e90151db90..1b24c5e8d73d 100644
--- a/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c
+++ b/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c
@@ -970,13 +970,6 @@ void __init srmmu_paging_init(void)
 	flush_tlb_all();
 
 	sparc_context_init(num_contexts);
-
-	{
-		unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
-
-		arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-		free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	}
 }
 
 void mmu_info(struct seq_file *m)
diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/mem.c b/arch/um/kernel/mem.c
index 2ac4e9debedd..89c8c8b94a79 100644
--- a/arch/um/kernel/mem.c
+++ b/arch/um/kernel/mem.c
@@ -91,16 +91,11 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 
 void __init paging_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
-
 	empty_zero_page = (unsigned long *) memblock_alloc_low(PAGE_SIZE,
 							       PAGE_SIZE);
 	if (!empty_zero_page)
 		panic("%s: Failed to allocate %lu bytes align=%lx\n",
 		      __func__, PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE);
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/init.c b/arch/x86/mm/init.c
index e7ef605a18d6..e52a262d3207 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/init.c
@@ -1011,16 +1011,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 #endif
 }
 
-void __init zone_sizes_init(void)
-{
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES];
-
-	memset(max_zone_pfns, 0, sizeof(max_zone_pfns));
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfns);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
-}
-
 __visible DEFINE_PER_CPU_ALIGNED(struct tlb_state, cpu_tlbstate) = {
 	.loaded_mm = &init_mm,
 	.next_asid = 1,
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/init_32.c b/arch/x86/mm/init_32.c
index 8a34fff6ab2b..b55172118c91 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/init_32.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/init_32.c
@@ -655,7 +655,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	 */
 	olpc_dt_build_devicetree();
 	sparse_init();
-	zone_sizes_init();
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c b/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c
index 9983017ecbe0..4daa40071c9f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c
@@ -843,8 +843,6 @@ void __init paging_init(void)
 	 */
 	node_clear_state(0, N_MEMORY);
 	node_clear_state(0, N_NORMAL_MEMORY);
-
-	zone_sizes_init();
 }
 
 #define PAGE_UNUSED 0xFD
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/mm_internal.h b/arch/x86/mm/mm_internal.h
index 097aadc250f7..7c4a41235323 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/mm_internal.h
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/mm_internal.h
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ unsigned long kernel_physical_mapping_init(unsigned long start,
 unsigned long kernel_physical_mapping_change(unsigned long start,
 					     unsigned long end,
 					     unsigned long page_size_mask);
-void zone_sizes_init(void);
 
 extern int after_bootmem;
 
diff --git a/arch/xtensa/mm/init.c b/arch/xtensa/mm/init.c
index 60299f359a3c..fe83a68335da 100644
--- a/arch/xtensa/mm/init.c
+++ b/arch/xtensa/mm/init.c
@@ -126,10 +126,6 @@ void __init arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfns)
 
 void __init zones_init(void)
 {
-	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
-
-	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
-	free_area_init(max_zone_pfn);
 	print_vm_layout();
 }
 
diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index 628c0e0ac313..64d6f9c15ef1 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ struct pt_regs;
 struct folio_batch;
 
 void arch_mm_preinit(void);
+void mm_core_init_early(void);
 void mm_core_init(void);
 void init_mm_internals(void);
 
@@ -3536,7 +3537,7 @@ static inline unsigned long get_num_physpages(void)
 }
 
 /*
- * Using memblock node mappings, an architecture may initialise its
+ * FIXME: Using memblock node mappings, an architecture may initialise its
  * zones, allocate the backing mem_map and account for memory holes in an
  * architecture independent manner.
  *
@@ -3551,7 +3552,6 @@ static inline unsigned long get_num_physpages(void)
  *	memblock_add_node(base, size, nid, MEMBLOCK_NONE)
  * free_area_init(max_zone_pfns);
  */
-void free_area_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn);
 void arch_zone_limits_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn);
 unsigned long node_map_pfn_alignment(void);
 extern unsigned long absent_pages_in_range(unsigned long start_pfn,
diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
index b84818ad9685..445b5643ecec 100644
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -1025,6 +1025,7 @@ void start_kernel(void)
 	page_address_init();
 	pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
 	setup_arch(&command_line);
+	mm_core_init_early();
 	/* Static keys and static calls are needed by LSMs */
 	jump_label_init();
 	static_call_init();
diff --git a/mm/mm_init.c b/mm/mm_init.c
index fc2a6f1e518f..ffc4a0f1fee9 100644
--- a/mm/mm_init.c
+++ b/mm/mm_init.c
@@ -1810,7 +1810,6 @@ static void __init set_high_memory(void)
 
 /**
  * free_area_init - Initialise all pg_data_t and zone data
- * @max_zone_pfn: an array of max PFNs for each zone
  *
  * This will call free_area_init_node() for each active node in the system.
  * Using the page ranges provided by memblock_set_node(), the size of each
@@ -1821,17 +1820,14 @@ static void __init set_high_memory(void)
  * starts where the previous one ended. For example, ZONE_DMA32 starts
  * at arch_max_dma_pfn.
  */
-void __init free_area_init(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn)
+static void __init free_area_init(void)
 {
+	unsigned long max_zone_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
 	unsigned long start_pfn, end_pfn;
 	int i, nid, zone;
 	bool descending;
 
-	/* Record where the zone boundaries are */
-	memset(arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn, 0,
-				sizeof(arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn));
-	memset(arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn, 0,
-				sizeof(arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn));
+	arch_zone_limits_init(max_zone_pfn);
 
 	start_pfn = PHYS_PFN(memblock_start_of_DRAM());
 	descending = arch_has_descending_max_zone_pfns();
@@ -2681,13 +2677,19 @@ void __init __weak mem_init(void)
 {
 }
 
+void __init mm_core_init_early(void)
+{
+	hugetlb_bootmem_alloc();
+
+	free_area_init();
+}
+
 /*
  * Set up kernel memory allocators
  */
 void __init mm_core_init(void)
 {
 	arch_mm_preinit();
-	hugetlb_bootmem_alloc();
 
 	/* Initializations relying on SMP setup */
 	BUILD_BUG_ON(MAX_ZONELISTS > 2);
-- 
2.51.0