Subject: Re: [PATCH bpf-next 1/6] bpf: implement BPF ring buffer and verifier support for it

From: [email-masked]
Date: Thu, 14 May 2020 10:33:38 -0700

On 05/13, Andrii Nakryiko wrote:
> This commits adds a new MPSC ring buffer implementation into BPF  
> ecosystem,
> which allows multiple CPUs to submit data to a single shared ring buffer.  
> On
> the consumption side, only single consumer is assumed.

> Motivation
> ----------
> There are two distinctive motivators for this work, which are not  
> satisfied by
> existing perf buffer, which prompted creation of a new ring buffer
> implementation.
>    - more efficient memory utilization by sharing ring buffer across CPUs;
>    - preserving ordering of events that happen sequentially in time, even
>    across multiple CPUs (e.g., fork/exec/exit events for a task).

> These two problems are independent, but perf buffer fails to satisfy both.
> Both are a result of a choice to have per-CPU perf ring buffer.  Both can  
> be
> also solved by having an MPSC implementation of ring buffer. The ordering
> problem could technically be solved for perf buffer with some in-kernel
> counting, but given the first one requires an MPSC buffer, the same  
> solution
> would solve the second problem automatically.

> Semantics and APIs
> ------------------
> Single ring buffer is presented to BPF programs as an instance of BPF map  
> of
> type BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF. Two other alternatives considered, but  
> ultimately
> rejected.

> One way would be to, similar to BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY, make
> BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF could represent an array of ring buffers, but not  
> enforce
> "same CPU only" rule. This would be more familiar interface compatible  
> with
> existing perf buffer use in BPF, but would fail if application needed more
> advanced logic to lookup ring buffer by arbitrary key. HASH_OF_MAPS  
> addresses
> this with current approach. Additionally, given the performance of BPF
> ringbuf, many use cases would just opt into a simple single ring buffer  
> shared
> among all CPUs, for which current approach would be an overkill.

> Another approach could introduce a new concept, alongside BPF map, to
> represent generic "container" object, which doesn't necessarily have  
> key/value
> interface with lookup/update/delete operations. This approach would add a  
> lot
> of extra infrastructure that has to be built for observability and  
> verifier
> support. It would also add another concept that BPF developers would have  
> to
> familiarize themselves with, new syntax in libbpf, etc. But then would  
> really
> provide no additional benefits over the approach of using a map.
> BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF doesn't support lookup/update/delete operations, but  
> so
> doesn't few other map types (e.g., queue and stack; array doesn't support
> delete, etc).

> The approach chosen has an advantage of re-using existing BPF map
> infrastructure (introspection APIs in kernel, libbpf support, etc), being
> familiar concept (no need to teach users a new type of object in BPF  
> program),
> and utilizing existing tooling (bpftool). For common scenario of using
> a single ring buffer for all CPUs, it's as simple and straightforward, as
> would be with a dedicated "container" object. On the other hand, by being
> a map, it can be combined with ARRAY_OF_MAPS and HASH_OF_MAPS map-in-maps  
> to
> implement a wide variety of topologies, from one ring buffer for each CPU
> (e.g., as a replacement for perf buffer use cases), to a complicated
> application hashing/sharding of ring buffers (e.g., having a small pool of
> ring buffers with hashed task's tgid being a look up key to preserve  
> order,
> but reduce contention).

> Key and value sizes are enforced to be zero. max_entries is used to  
> specify
> the size of ring buffer and has to be a power of 2 value.

> There are a bunch of similarities between perf buffer
> (BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY) and new BPF ring buffer semantics:
>    - variable-length records;
>    - if there is no more space left in ring buffer, reservation fails, no
>      blocking;
>    - memory-mappable data area for user-space applications for ease of
>      consumption and high performance;
>    - epoll notifications for new incoming data;
>    - but still the ability to do busy polling for new data to achieve the
>      lowest latency, if necessary.

> BPF ringbuf provides two sets of APIs to BPF programs:
>    - bpf_ringbuf_output() allows to *copy* data from one place to a ring
>      buffer, similarly to bpf_perf_event_output();
>    - bpf_ringbuf_reserve()/bpf_ringbuf_commit()/bpf_ringbuf_discard() APIs
>      split the whole process into two steps. First, a fixed amount of  
> space is
>      reserved. If successful, a pointer to a data inside ring buffer data  
> area
>      is returned, which BPF programs can use similarly to a data inside
>      array/hash maps. Once ready, this piece of memory is either committed  
> or
>      discarded. Discard is similar to commit, but makes consumer ignore the
>      record.

> bpf_ringbuf_output() has disadvantage of incurring extra memory copy,  
> because
> record has to be prepared in some other place first. But it allows to  
> submit
> records of the length that's not known to verifier beforehand. It also  
> closely
> matches bpf_perf_event_output(), so will simplify migration significantly.

> bpf_ringbuf_reserve() avoids the extra copy of memory by providing a  
> memory
> pointer directly to ring buffer memory. In a lot of cases records are  
> larger
> than BPF stack space allows, so many programs have use extra per-CPU  
> array as
> a temporary heap for preparing sample. bpf_ringbuf_reserve() avoid this  
> needs
> completely. But in exchange, it only allows a known constant size of  
> memory to
> be reserved, such that verifier can verify that BPF program can't access
> memory outside its reserved record space. bpf_ringbuf_output(), while  
> slightly
> slower due to extra memory copy, covers some use cases that are not  
> suitable
> for bpf_ringbuf_reserve().

> The difference between commit and discard is very small. Discard just  
> marks
> a record as discarded, and such records are supposed to be ignored by  
> consumer
> code. Discard is useful for some advanced use-cases, such as ensuring
> all-or-nothing multi-record submission, or emulating temporary  
> malloc()/free()
> within single BPF program invocation.

> Each reserved record is tracked by verifier through existing
> reference-tracking logic, similar to socket ref-tracking. It is thus
> impossible to reserve a record, but forget to submit (or discard) it.

> Design and implementation
> -------------------------
> This reserve/commit schema allows a natural way for multiple producers,  
> either
> on different CPUs or even on the same CPU/in the same BPF program, to  
> reserve
> independent records and work with them without blocking other producers.  
> This
> means that if BPF program was interruped by another BPF program sharing  
> the
> same ring buffer, they will both get a record reserved (provided there is
> enough space left) and can work with it and submit it independently. This
> applies to NMI context as well, except that due to using a spinlock during
> reservation, in NMI context, bpf_ringbuf_reserve() might fail to get a  
> lock,
> in which case reservation will fail even if ring buffer is not full.

> The ring buffer itself internally is implemented as a power-of-2 sized
> circular buffer, with two logical and ever-increasing counters (which  
> might
> wrap around on 32-bit architectures, that's not a problem):
>    - consumer counter shows up to which logical position consumer consumed  
> the
>      data;
>    - producer counter denotes amount of data reserved by all producers.

> Each time a record is reserved, producer that "owns" the record will
> successfully advance producer counter. At that point, data is still not  
> yet
> ready to be consumed, though. Each record has 8 byte header, which  
> contains
> the length of reserved record, as well as two extra bits: busy bit to  
> denote
> that record is still being worked on, and discard bit, which might be set  
> at
> commit time if record is discarded. In the latter case, consumer is  
> supposed
> to skip the record and move on to the next one. Record header also encodes
> record's relative offset from the beginning of ring buffer data area (in
> pages). This allows bpf_ringbuf_commit()/bpf_ringbuf_discard() to accept  
> only
> the pointer to the record itself, without requiring also the pointer to  
> ring
> buffer itself. Ring buffer memory location will be restored from record
> metadata header. This significantly simplifies verifier, as well as  
> improving
> API usability.

> Producer counter increments are serialized under spinlock, so there is
> a strict ordering between reservations. Commits, on the other hand, are
> completely lockless and independent. All records become available to  
> consumer
> in the order of reservations, but only after all previous records where
> already committed. It is thus possible for slow producers to temporarily  
> hold
> off submitted records, that were reserved later.

> Reservation/commit/consumer protocol is verified by litmus tests in the  
> later
> patch in this series.

> One interesting implementation bit, that significantly simplifies (and  
> thus
> speeds up as well) implementation of both producers and consumers is how  
> data
> area is mapped twice contiguously back-to-back in the virtual memory. This
> allows to not take any special measures for samples that have to wrap  
> around
> at the end of the circular buffer data area, because the next page after  
> the
> last data page would be first data page again, and thus the sample will  
> still
> appear completely contiguous in virtual memory. See comment and a simple  
> ASCII
> diagram showing this visually in bpf_ringbuf_area_alloc().

> Another feature that distinguishes BPF ringbuf from perf ring buffer is
> a self-pacing notifications of new data being availability.
> bpf_ringbuf_commit() implementation will send a notification of new record
> being available after commit only if consumer has already caught up right  
> up
> to the record being committed. If not, consumer still has to catch up and  
> thus
> will see new data anyways without needing an extra poll notification. As  
> will
> be shown in benchmarks in later patch in the series, this allows to  
> achieve
> a very high throughput without having to resort to tricks like "notify  
> only
> every Nth sample", like with perf buffer, to achieve good throughput
> performance.

> For performance evaluation against perf buffer and scalability limits, see
> patch later in the series, adding ring buffers benchmark.
> number of contention

> Comparison to alternatives
> --------------------------
> Before considering implementing BPF ring buffer from scratch existing
> alternatives in kernel were evaluated, but didn't seem to meet the needs.  
> They
> largely fell into few categores:
>    - per-CPU buffers (perf, ftrace, etc), which don't satisfy two  
> motivations
>      outlined above (ordering and memory consumption);
>    - linked list-based implementations; while some were multi-producer  
> designs,
>      consuming these from user-space would be very complicated and most
>      probably not performant; memory-mapping contiguous piece of memory is
>      simpler and more performant for user-space consumers;
>    - io_uring is SPSC, but also requires fixed-sized elements. Naively  
> turning
>      SPSC queue into MPSC w/ lock would have subpar performance compared to
>      locked reserve + lockless commit, as with BPF ring buffer. Fixed sized
>      elements would be too limiting for BPF programs, given existing BPF
>      programs heavily rely on variable-sized perf buffer already;
>    - specialized implementations (like a new printk ring buffer, [0]) with  
> lots
>      of printk-specific limitations and implications, that didn't seem to  
> fit
>      well for intended use with BPF programs.
That's a very nice write up! Does it make sense to put most of it
under Documentation/bpf? We were discussing socket storage with KP
recently and I mentioned that commit 6ac99e8f23d4 has a really nice
description of the architecture with ascii diagrams/etc. Sometimes
it's really hard to chase down the commit history to find out
these sorts of details.

>    [0] https://lwn.net/Articles/779550/

> Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <[email-masked]>
> ---
>   include/linux/bpf.h            |  12 +
>   include/linux/bpf_types.h      |   1 +
>   include/linux/bpf_verifier.h   |   4 +
>   include/uapi/linux/bpf.h       |  33 ++-
>   kernel/bpf/Makefile            |   2 +-
>   kernel/bpf/helpers.c           |   8 +
>   kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c           | 409 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>   kernel/bpf/syscall.c           |  12 +
>   kernel/bpf/verifier.c          | 156 ++++++++++---
>   kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c       |   8 +
>   tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h |  33 ++-
>   11 files changed, 643 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)
>   create mode 100644 kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c

> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
> index cf4b6e44f2bc..9e3da01f3e9b 100644
> --- a/include/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ struct bpf_map_ops {
>   	int (*map_direct_value_meta)(const struct bpf_map *map,
>   				     u64 imm, u32 *off);
>   	int (*map_mmap)(struct bpf_map *map, struct vm_area_struct *vma);
> +	__poll_t (*map_poll)(struct bpf_map *map, struct file *filp,
> +			     struct poll_table_struct *pts);
>   };

>   struct bpf_map_memory {
> @@ -243,6 +245,9 @@ enum bpf_arg_type {
>   	ARG_PTR_TO_LONG,	/* pointer to long */
>   	ARG_PTR_TO_SOCKET,	/* pointer to bpf_sock (fullsock) */
>   	ARG_PTR_TO_BTF_ID,	/* pointer to in-kernel struct */
> +	ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM,	/* pointer to dynamically allocated memory */
> +	ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL,	/* pointer to dynamically allocated  
> memory or NULL */
> +	ARG_CONST_ALLOC_SIZE_OR_ZERO,	/* number of allocated bytes requested */
>   };

>   /* type of values returned from helper functions */
> @@ -254,6 +259,7 @@ enum bpf_return_type {
>   	RET_PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL,	/* returns a pointer to a socket or NULL */
>   	RET_PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL,	/* returns a pointer to a tcp_sock or NULL  
> */
>   	RET_PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON_OR_NULL,	/* returns a pointer to a sock_common  
> or NULL */
> +	RET_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL,	/* returns a pointer to dynamically  
> allocated memory or NULL */
>   };

>   /* eBPF function prototype used by verifier to allow BPF_CALLs from eBPF  
> programs
> @@ -321,6 +327,8 @@ enum bpf_reg_type {
>   	PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK,	 /* reg points to struct xdp_sock */
>   	PTR_TO_BTF_ID,		 /* reg points to kernel struct */
>   	PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL,	 /* reg points to kernel struct or NULL */
> +	PTR_TO_MEM,		 /* reg points to valid memory region */
> +	PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL,	 /* reg points to valid memory region or NULL */
>   };

>   /* The information passed from prog-specific *_is_valid_access
> @@ -1585,6 +1593,10 @@ extern const struct bpf_func_proto  
> bpf_tcp_sock_proto;
>   extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_jiffies64_proto;
>   extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_get_ns_current_pid_tgid_proto;
>   extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_event_output_data_proto;
> +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_output_proto;
> +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_reserve_proto;
> +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_submit_proto;
> +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_discard_proto;

>   const struct bpf_func_proto *bpf_tracing_func_proto(
>   	enum bpf_func_id func_id, const struct bpf_prog *prog);
> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_types.h b/include/linux/bpf_types.h
> index 29d22752fc87..fa8e1b552acd 100644
> --- a/include/linux/bpf_types.h
> +++ b/include/linux/bpf_types.h
> @@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ BPF_MAP_TYPE(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK, stack_map_ops)
>   #if defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT)
>   BPF_MAP_TYPE(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS, bpf_struct_ops_map_ops)
>   #endif
> +BPF_MAP_TYPE(BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF, ringbuf_map_ops)

>   BPF_LINK_TYPE(BPF_LINK_TYPE_RAW_TRACEPOINT, raw_tracepoint)
>   BPF_LINK_TYPE(BPF_LINK_TYPE_TRACING, tracing)
> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> index 6abd5a778fcd..c94a736e53cd 100644
> --- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> +++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> @@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ struct bpf_reg_state {

>   		u32 btf_id; /* for PTR_TO_BTF_ID */

> +		u32 mem_size; /* for PTR_TO_MEM | PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL */
> +
>   		/* Max size from any of the above. */
>   		unsigned long raw;
>   	};
> @@ -63,6 +65,8 @@ struct bpf_reg_state {
>   	 * offset, so they can share range knowledge.
>   	 * For PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL this is used to share which map value we
>   	 * came from, when one is tested for != NULL.
> +	 * For PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL this is used to identify memory allocation
> +	 * for the purpose of tracking that it's freed.
>   	 * For PTR_TO_SOCKET this is used to share which pointers retain the
>   	 * same reference to the socket, to determine proper reference freeing.
>   	 */
> diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> index bfb31c1be219..ae2deb6a8afc 100644
> --- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ enum bpf_map_type {
>   	BPF_MAP_TYPE_SK_STORAGE,
>   	BPF_MAP_TYPE_DEVMAP_HASH,
>   	BPF_MAP_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS,
> +	BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF,
>   };

>   /* Note that tracing related programs such as
> @@ -3121,6 +3122,32 @@ union bpf_attr {
>    * 		0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure:
>    *
>    *		**-EOVERFLOW** if an overflow happened: The same object will be  
> tried again.
> + *
> + * void *bpf_ringbuf_output(void *ringbuf, void *data, u64 size, u64  
> flags)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Copy *size* bytes from *data* into a ring buffer *ringbuf*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		0, on success;
> + * 		< 0, on error.
> + *
> + * void *bpf_ringbuf_reserve(void *ringbuf, u64 size, u64 flags)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Reserve *size* bytes of payload in a ring buffer *ringbuf*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		Valid pointer with *size* bytes of memory available; NULL,
> + * 		otherwise.
> + *
> + * void bpf_ringbuf_submit(void *data)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Submit reserved ring buffer sample, pointed to by *data*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		Nothing.
Even though you mention self-pacing properties, would it still
make sense to add some argument to bpf_ringbuf_submit/bpf_ringbuf_output
to indicate whether to wake up userspace or not? Maybe something like
a threshold of number of outstanding events in the ringbuf after which
we do the wakeup? The default 0/1 preserve the existing behavior.

The example I can give is a control plane userspace thread that
once a second aggregates the events, it doesn't care about millisecond
resolution. With the current scheme, I suppose, if BPF generates events
every 1ms, the userspace will be woken up 1000 times (if it can keep
up). Most of the time, we don't really care and some buffering
properties are desired.

> + *
> + * void bpf_ringbuf_discard(void *data)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Discard reserved ring buffer sample, pointed to by *data*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		Nothing.
>    */
>   #define __BPF_FUNC_MAPPER(FN)		\
>   	FN(unspec),			\
> @@ -3250,7 +3277,11 @@ union bpf_attr {
>   	FN(sk_assign),			\
>   	FN(ktime_get_boot_ns),		\
>   	FN(seq_printf),			\
> -	FN(seq_write),
> +	FN(seq_write),			\
> +	FN(ringbuf_output),		\
> +	FN(ringbuf_reserve),		\
> +	FN(ringbuf_submit),		\
> +	FN(ringbuf_discard),

>   /* integer value in 'imm' field of BPF_CALL instruction selects which  
> helper
>    * function eBPF program intends to call
> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/Makefile b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
> index 37b2d8620153..c9aada6c1806 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/Makefile
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
> @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ CFLAGS_core.o += $(call cc-disable-warning, override-init)

>   obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += syscall.o verifier.o inode.o helpers.o  
> tnum.o bpf_iter.o map_iter.o task_iter.o
>   obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += hashtab.o arraymap.o percpu_freelist.o  
> bpf_lru_list.o lpm_trie.o map_in_map.o
> -obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += local_storage.o queue_stack_maps.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += local_storage.o queue_stack_maps.o ringbuf.o
>   obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += disasm.o
>   obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += trampoline.o
>   obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += btf.o
> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
> index 5c0290e0696e..27321ca8803f 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
> @@ -629,6 +629,14 @@ bpf_base_func_proto(enum bpf_func_id func_id)
>   		return &bpf_ktime_get_ns_proto;
>   	case BPF_FUNC_ktime_get_boot_ns:
>   		return &bpf_ktime_get_boot_ns_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_output:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_output_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_reserve_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_submit:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_submit_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_discard:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_discard_proto;
>   	default:
>   		break;
>   	}
> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c b/kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..f2ae441a1695
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
> +#include <linux/bpf.h>
> +#include <linux/btf.h>
> +#include <linux/err.h>
> +#include <linux/slab.h>
> +#include <linux/filter.h>
> +#include <linux/mm.h>
> +#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
> +#include <linux/wait.h>
> +#include <linux/poll.h>
> +#include <uapi/linux/btf.h>
> +
> +#define RINGBUF_CREATE_FLAG_MASK (BPF_F_NUMA_NODE)
> +
> +#define RINGBUF_BUSY_BIT BIT(31)
> +#define RINGBUF_DISCARD_BIT BIT(30)
> +#define RINGBUF_META_SZ 8
> +
> +/* non-mmap()'able part of bpf_ringbuf (everything up to consumer page)  
> */
> +#define BPF_RINGBUF_PGOFF \
> +	(offsetof(struct bpf_ringbuf, consumer_pos) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
> +
> +struct bpf_ringbuf {
> +	wait_queue_head_t waitq;
> +	u64 mask;
> +	spinlock_t spinlock ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
> +	u64 consumer_pos __aligned(PAGE_SIZE);
> +	u64 producer_pos __aligned(PAGE_SIZE);
> +	char data[] __aligned(PAGE_SIZE);
> +};
> +
> +struct bpf_ringbuf_map {
> +	struct bpf_map map;
> +	struct bpf_map_memory memory;
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf *rb;
> +};
> +
> +static struct bpf_ringbuf *bpf_ringbuf_area_alloc(size_t data_sz, int  
> numa_node)
> +{
> +	const gfp_t flags = GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL | __GFP_NOWARN |
> +			    __GFP_ZERO;
> +	int nr_meta_pages = 2 + BPF_RINGBUF_PGOFF;
There is a bunch of magic '2's scattered around. Would it make sense
to use a proper define (with a comment) instead?

> +	int nr_data_pages = data_sz >> PAGE_SHIFT;
> +	int nr_pages = nr_meta_pages + nr_data_pages;
> +	struct page **pages, *page;
> +	size_t array_size;
> +	void *addr;
> +	int i;
> +
> +	/* Each data page is mapped twice to allow "virtual"
> +	 * continuous read of samples wrapping around the end of ring
> +	 * buffer area:
> +	 * ------------------------------------------------------
> +	 * | meta pages |  real data pages  |  same data pages  |
> +	 * ------------------------------------------------------
> +	 * |            | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
> +	 * ------------------------------------------------------
> +	 * |            | TA             DA | TA             DA |
> +	 * ------------------------------------------------------
> +	 *                               ^^^^^^^
> +	 *                                  |
> +	 * Here, no need to worry about special handling of wrapped-around
> +	 * data due to double-mapped data pages. This works both in kernel and
> +	 * when mmap()'ed in user-space, simplifying both kernel and
> +	 * user-space implementations significantly.
> +	 */
> +	array_size = (nr_meta_pages + 2 * nr_data_pages) * sizeof(*pages);
> +	if (array_size > PAGE_SIZE)
> +		pages = vmalloc_node(array_size, numa_node);
> +	else
> +		pages = kmalloc_node(array_size, flags, numa_node);
> +	if (!pages)
> +		return NULL;
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) {
> +		page = alloc_pages_node(numa_node, flags, 0);
> +		if (!page) {
> +			nr_pages = i;
> +			goto err_free_pages;
> +		}
> +		pages[i] = page;
> +		if (i >= nr_meta_pages)
> +			pages[nr_data_pages + i] = page;
> +	}
> +
> +	addr = vmap(pages, nr_meta_pages + 2 * nr_data_pages,
> +		    VM_ALLOC | VM_USERMAP, PAGE_KERNEL);
> +	if (addr)
> +		return addr;
> +
> +err_free_pages:
> +	for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++)
> +		free_page((unsigned long)pages[i]);
> +	kvfree(pages);
> +	return NULL;
> +}
> +
> +static struct bpf_ringbuf *bpf_ringbuf_alloc(size_t data_sz, int  
> numa_node)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf *rb;
> +
> +	if (!data_sz || !PAGE_ALIGNED(data_sz))
> +		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
> +
> +	rb = bpf_ringbuf_area_alloc(data_sz, numa_node);
> +	if (!rb)
> +		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
> +
> +	spin_lock_init(&rb->spinlock);
> +	init_waitqueue_head(&rb->waitq);
> +
> +	rb->mask = data_sz - 1;
> +	rb->consumer_pos = 0;
> +	rb->producer_pos = 0;
> +
> +	return rb;
> +}
> +
> +static struct bpf_map *ringbuf_map_alloc(union bpf_attr *attr)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf_map *rb_map;
> +	u64 cost;
> +	int err;
> +
> +	if (attr->map_flags & ~RINGBUF_CREATE_FLAG_MASK)
> +		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
> +
> +	if (attr->key_size || attr->value_size ||
> +	    attr->max_entries == 0 || !PAGE_ALIGNED(attr->max_entries))
> +		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
> +
> +	rb_map = kzalloc(sizeof(*rb_map), GFP_USER);
> +	if (!rb_map)
> +		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
> +
> +	bpf_map_init_from_attr(&rb_map->map, attr);
> +
> +	cost = sizeof(struct bpf_ringbuf_map) +
> +	       sizeof(struct bpf_ringbuf) +
> +	       attr->max_entries;
> +	err = bpf_map_charge_init(&rb_map->map.memory, cost);
> +	if (err)
> +		goto err_free_map;
> +
> +	rb_map->rb = bpf_ringbuf_alloc(attr->max_entries,  
> rb_map->map.numa_node);
> +	if (IS_ERR(rb_map->rb)) {
> +		err = PTR_ERR(rb_map->rb);
> +		goto err_uncharge;
> +	}
> +
> +	return &rb_map->map;
> +
> +err_uncharge:
> +	bpf_map_charge_finish(&rb_map->map.memory);
> +err_free_map:
> +	kfree(rb_map);
> +	return ERR_PTR(err);
> +}
> +
> +static void bpf_ringbuf_free(struct bpf_ringbuf *ringbuf)
> +{
> +	kvfree(ringbuf);
> +}
> +
> +static void ringbuf_map_free(struct bpf_map *map)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf_map *rb_map;
> +
> +	/* at this point bpf_prog->aux->refcnt == 0 and this map->refcnt == 0,
> +	 * so the programs (can be more than one that used this map) were
> +	 * disconnected from events. Wait for outstanding critical sections in
> +	 * these programs to complete
> +	 */
> +	synchronize_rcu();
> +
> +	rb_map = container_of(map, struct bpf_ringbuf_map, map);
> +	bpf_ringbuf_free(rb_map->rb);
> +	kfree(rb_map);
> +}
> +
> +static void *ringbuf_map_lookup_elem(struct bpf_map *map, void *key)
> +{
> +	return ERR_PTR(-ENOTSUPP);
> +}
> +
> +static int ringbuf_map_update_elem(struct bpf_map *map, void *key, void  
> *value,
> +				   u64 flags)
> +{
> +	return -ENOTSUPP;
> +}
> +
> +static int ringbuf_map_delete_elem(struct bpf_map *map, void *key)
> +{
> +	return -ENOTSUPP;
> +}
> +
> +static int ringbuf_map_get_next_key(struct bpf_map *map, void *key,
> +				    void *next_key)
> +{
> +	return -ENOTSUPP;
> +}
> +
> +static size_t bpf_ringbuf_mmap_page_cnt(const struct bpf_ringbuf *rb)
> +{
> +	size_t data_pages = (rb->mask + 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
> +
> +	/* consumer page + producer page + 2 x data pages */
> +	return 2 + 2 * data_pages;
> +}
> +
> +static int ringbuf_map_mmap(struct bpf_map *map, struct vm_area_struct  
> *vma)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf_map *rb_map;
> +	size_t mmap_sz;
> +
> +	rb_map = container_of(map, struct bpf_ringbuf_map, map);
> +	mmap_sz = bpf_ringbuf_mmap_page_cnt(rb_map->rb) << PAGE_SHIFT;
> +
> +	if (vma->vm_pgoff * PAGE_SIZE + (vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start) > mmap_sz)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	return remap_vmalloc_range(vma, rb_map->rb,
> +				   vma->vm_pgoff + BPF_RINGBUF_PGOFF);
> +}
> +
> +static __poll_t ringbuf_map_poll(struct bpf_map *map, struct file *filp,
> +				  struct poll_table_struct *pts)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf_map *rb_map;
> +
> +	rb_map = container_of(map, struct bpf_ringbuf_map, map);
> +	poll_wait(filp, &rb_map->rb->waitq, pts);
> +
> +	return EPOLLIN | EPOLLRDNORM;
> +}
> +
> +const struct bpf_map_ops ringbuf_map_ops = {
> +	.map_alloc = ringbuf_map_alloc,
> +	.map_free = ringbuf_map_free,
> +	.map_mmap = ringbuf_map_mmap,
> +	.map_poll = ringbuf_map_poll,
> +	.map_lookup_elem = ringbuf_map_lookup_elem,
> +	.map_update_elem = ringbuf_map_update_elem,
> +	.map_delete_elem = ringbuf_map_delete_elem,
> +	.map_get_next_key = ringbuf_map_get_next_key,
> +};
> +
> +/* Given pointer to ring buffer record metadata and struct bpf_ringbuf  
> itself,
> + * calculate offset from record metadata to ring buffer in pages, rounded
> + * down. This page offset is stored as part of record metadata and  
> allows to
> + * restore struct bpf_ringbuf * from record pointer. This page offset is
> + * stored at offset 4 of record metadata header.
> + */
> +static size_t bpf_ringbuf_rec_pg_off(struct bpf_ringbuf *rb, void  
> *meta_ptr)
> +{
> +	return (meta_ptr - (void *)rb) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
> +}
> +
> +/* Given pointer to ring buffer record metadata, restore pointer to  
> struct
> + * bpf_ringbuf itself by using page offset stored at offset 4
> + */
> +static struct bpf_ringbuf *bpf_ringbuf_restore_from_rec(void *meta_ptr)
> +{
> +	unsigned long addr = (unsigned long)meta_ptr;
> +	unsigned long off = *(u32 *)(meta_ptr + 4) << PAGE_SHIFT;
> +
> +	return (void*)((addr & PAGE_MASK) - off);
> +}
> +
> +static void *__bpf_ringbuf_reserve(struct bpf_ringbuf *rb, u64 size)
> +{
> +	unsigned long cons_pos, prod_pos, new_prod_pos, flags;
> +	u32 len, pg_off;
> +	void *meta_ptr;
> +
> +	if (unlikely(size > UINT_MAX))
> +		return NULL;
> +
> +	len = round_up(size + RINGBUF_META_SZ, 8);
> +	cons_pos = READ_ONCE(rb->consumer_pos);
> +
> +	if (in_nmi()) {
> +		if (!spin_trylock_irqsave(&rb->spinlock, flags))
> +			return NULL;
> +	} else {
> +		spin_lock_irqsave(&rb->spinlock, flags);
> +	}
> +
> +	prod_pos = rb->producer_pos;
> +	new_prod_pos = prod_pos + len;
> +
> +	/* check for out of ringbuf space by ensuring producer position
> +	 * doesn't advance more than (ringbuf_size - 1) ahead
> +	 */
> +	if (new_prod_pos - cons_pos > rb->mask) {
> +		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rb->spinlock, flags);
> +		return NULL;
> +	}
> +
> +	meta_ptr = rb->data + (prod_pos & rb->mask);
> +	pg_off = bpf_ringbuf_rec_pg_off(rb, meta_ptr);
> +
> +	WRITE_ONCE(*(u32 *)meta_ptr, RINGBUF_BUSY_BIT | size);
> +	WRITE_ONCE(*(u32 *)(meta_ptr + 4), pg_off);
> +
> +	/* ensure length prefix is written before updating producer positions */
> +	smp_wmb();
> +	WRITE_ONCE(rb->producer_pos, new_prod_pos);
> +
> +	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rb->spinlock, flags);
> +
> +	return meta_ptr + RINGBUF_META_SZ;
> +}
> +
> +BPF_CALL_3(bpf_ringbuf_reserve, struct bpf_map *, map, u64, size, u64,  
> flags)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf_map *rb_map;
> +
> +	if (unlikely(flags))
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	rb_map = container_of(map, struct bpf_ringbuf_map, map);
> +	return (unsigned long)__bpf_ringbuf_reserve(rb_map->rb, size);
> +}
> +
> +const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_reserve_proto = {
> +	.func		= bpf_ringbuf_reserve,
> +	.ret_type	= RET_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL,
> +	.arg1_type	= ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR,
> +	.arg2_type	= ARG_CONST_ALLOC_SIZE_OR_ZERO,
> +	.arg3_type	= ARG_ANYTHING,
> +};
> +
> +static void bpf_ringbuf_commit(void *sample, bool discard)
> +{
> +	unsigned long rec_pos, cons_pos;
> +	u32 new_meta, old_meta;
> +	void *meta_ptr;
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf *rb;
> +
> +	meta_ptr = sample - RINGBUF_META_SZ;
> +	rb = bpf_ringbuf_restore_from_rec(meta_ptr);
> +	old_meta = *(u32 *)meta_ptr;
> +	new_meta = old_meta ^ RINGBUF_BUSY_BIT;
> +	if (discard)
> +		new_meta |= RINGBUF_DISCARD_BIT;
> +
> +	/* update metadata header with correct final size prefix */
> +	xchg((u32 *)meta_ptr, new_meta);
> +
> +	/* if consumer caught up and is waiting for our record, notify about
> +	 * new data availability
> +	 */
> +	rec_pos = (void *)meta_ptr - (void *)rb->data;
> +	cons_pos = smp_load_acquire(&rb->consumer_pos) & rb->mask;
> +	if (cons_pos == rec_pos)
> +		wake_up_all(&rb->waitq);
> +}
> +
> +BPF_CALL_1(bpf_ringbuf_submit, void *, sample)
> +{
> +	bpf_ringbuf_commit(sample, false /* discard */);
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_submit_proto = {
> +	.func		= bpf_ringbuf_submit,
> +	.ret_type	= RET_VOID,
> +	.arg1_type	= ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM,
> +};
> +
> +BPF_CALL_1(bpf_ringbuf_discard, void *, sample)
> +{
> +	bpf_ringbuf_commit(sample, true /* discard */);
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_discard_proto = {
> +	.func		= bpf_ringbuf_discard,
> +	.ret_type	= RET_VOID,
> +	.arg1_type	= ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM,
> +};
> +
> +BPF_CALL_4(bpf_ringbuf_output, struct bpf_map *, map, void *, data, u64,  
> size,
> +	   u64, flags)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_ringbuf_map *rb_map;
> +	void *rec;
> +
> +	if (unlikely(flags))
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	rb_map = container_of(map, struct bpf_ringbuf_map, map);
> +	rec = __bpf_ringbuf_reserve(rb_map->rb, size);
> +	if (!rec)
> +		return -EAGAIN;
> +
> +	memcpy(rec, data, size);
> +	bpf_ringbuf_commit(rec, false /* discard */);
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ringbuf_output_proto = {
> +	.func		= bpf_ringbuf_output,
> +	.ret_type	= RET_INTEGER,
> +	.arg1_type	= ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR,
> +	.arg2_type	= ARG_PTR_TO_MEM,
> +	.arg3_type	= ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO,
> +	.arg4_type	= ARG_ANYTHING,
> +};
> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> index de2a75500233..462db8595e9f 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> @@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
>   #include <linux/audit.h>
>   #include <uapi/linux/btf.h>
>   #include <linux/bpf_lsm.h>
> +#include <linux/poll.h>

>   #define IS_FD_ARRAY(map) ((map)->map_type ==  
> BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY || \
>   			  (map)->map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY || \
> @@ -651,6 +652,16 @@ static int bpf_map_mmap(struct file *filp, struct  
> vm_area_struct *vma)
>   	return err;
>   }

> +static __poll_t bpf_map_poll(struct file *filp, struct poll_table_struct  
> *pts)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_map *map = filp->private_data;
> +
> +	if (map->ops->map_poll)
> +		return map->ops->map_poll(map, filp, pts);
> +
> +	return EPOLLERR;
> +}
> +
>   const struct file_operations bpf_map_fops = {
>   #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
>   	.show_fdinfo	= bpf_map_show_fdinfo,
> @@ -659,6 +670,7 @@ const struct file_operations bpf_map_fops = {
>   	.read		= bpf_dummy_read,
>   	.write		= bpf_dummy_write,
>   	.mmap		= bpf_map_mmap,
> +	.poll		= bpf_map_poll,
>   };

>   int bpf_map_new_fd(struct bpf_map *map, int flags)
> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
> index 2a1826c76bb6..b8f0158d2327 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
> @@ -233,6 +233,7 @@ struct bpf_call_arg_meta {
>   	bool pkt_access;
>   	int regno;
>   	int access_size;
> +	int mem_size;
>   	u64 msize_max_value;
>   	int ref_obj_id;
>   	int func_id;
> @@ -399,7 +400,8 @@ static bool reg_type_may_be_null(enum bpf_reg_type  
> type)
>   	       type == PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL ||
>   	       type == PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON_OR_NULL ||
>   	       type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL ||
> -	       type == PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL;
> +	       type == PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL ||
> +	       type == PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL;
>   }

>   static bool reg_may_point_to_spin_lock(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
> @@ -413,7 +415,9 @@ static bool reg_type_may_be_refcounted_or_null(enum  
> bpf_reg_type type)
>   	return type == PTR_TO_SOCKET ||
>   		type == PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL ||
>   		type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK ||
> -		type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL;
> +		type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL ||
> +		type == PTR_TO_MEM ||
> +		type == PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL;
>   }

>   static bool arg_type_may_be_refcounted(enum bpf_arg_type type)
> @@ -427,7 +431,9 @@ static bool arg_type_may_be_refcounted(enum  
> bpf_arg_type type)
>    */
>   static bool is_release_function(enum bpf_func_id func_id)
>   {
> -	return func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_release;
> +	return func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_release ||
> +	       func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_submit ||
> +	       func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_discard;
>   }

>   static bool may_be_acquire_function(enum bpf_func_id func_id)
> @@ -435,7 +441,8 @@ static bool may_be_acquire_function(enum bpf_func_id  
> func_id)
>   	return func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_tcp ||
>   		func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_udp ||
>   		func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_lookup_tcp ||
> -		func_id == BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem;
> +		func_id == BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem ||
> +	        func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve;
>   }

>   static bool is_acquire_function(enum bpf_func_id func_id,
> @@ -445,7 +452,8 @@ static bool is_acquire_function(enum bpf_func_id  
> func_id,

>   	if (func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_tcp ||
>   	    func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_udp ||
> -	    func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_lookup_tcp)
> +	    func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_lookup_tcp ||
> +	    func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve)
>   		return true;

>   	if (func_id == BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem &&
> @@ -485,6 +493,8 @@ static const char * const reg_type_str[] = {
>   	[PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK]	= "xdp_sock",
>   	[PTR_TO_BTF_ID]		= "ptr_",
>   	[PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL]	= "ptr_or_null_",
> +	[PTR_TO_MEM]		= "mem",
> +	[PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL]	= "mem_or_null",
>   };

>   static char slot_type_char[] = {
> @@ -2459,32 +2469,31 @@ static int check_map_access_type(struct  
> bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
>   	return 0;
>   }

> -/* check read/write into map element returned by bpf_map_lookup_elem() */
> -static int __check_map_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,  
> int off,
> -			      int size, bool zero_size_allowed)
> +/* check read/write into memory region (e.g., map value, ringbuf sample,  
> etc) */
> +static int __check_mem_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off,
> +			      int size, u32 mem_size, bool zero_size_allowed)
>   {
> -	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
> -	struct bpf_map *map = regs[regno].map_ptr;
> +	bool size_ok = size > 0 || (size == 0 && zero_size_allowed);

> -	if (off < 0 || size < 0 || (size == 0 && !zero_size_allowed) ||
> -	    off + size > map->value_size) {
> -		verbose(env, "invalid access to map value, value_size=%d off=%d  
> size=%d\n",
> -			map->value_size, off, size);
> -		return -EACCES;
> -	}
> -	return 0;
> +	if (off >= 0 && size_ok && off + size <= mem_size)
> +		return 0;
> +
> +	verbose(env, "invalid access to memory, mem_size=%u off=%d size=%d\n",
> +		mem_size, off, size);
> +	return -EACCES;
>   }

> -/* check read/write into a map element with possible variable offset */
> -static int check_map_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
> -			    int off, int size, bool zero_size_allowed)
> +/* check read/write into a memory region with possible variable offset */
> +static int check_mem_region_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32  
> regno,
> +				   int off, int size, u32 mem_size,
> +				   bool zero_size_allowed)
>   {
>   	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
>   	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
>   	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = &state->regs[regno];
>   	int err;

> -	/* We may have adjusted the register to this map value, so we
> +	/* We may have adjusted the register pointing to memory region, so we
>   	 * need to try adding each of min_value and max_value to off
>   	 * to make sure our theoretical access will be safe.
>   	 */
> @@ -2501,14 +2510,14 @@ static int check_map_access(struct  
> bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
>   	    (reg->smin_value == S64_MIN ||
>   	     (off + reg->smin_value != (s64)(s32)(off + reg->smin_value)) ||
>   	      reg->smin_value + off < 0)) {
> -		verbose(env, "R%d min value is negative, either use unsigned index or  
> do a if (index >=0) check.\n",
> +		verbose(env, "R%d min value is negative, either use unsigned index or  
> do an if (index >=0) check.\n",
>   			regno);
>   		return -EACCES;
>   	}
> -	err = __check_map_access(env, regno, reg->smin_value + off, size,
> +	err = __check_mem_access(env, reg->smin_value + off, size, mem_size,
>   				 zero_size_allowed);
>   	if (err) {
> -		verbose(env, "R%d min value is outside of the array range\n",
> +		verbose(env, "R%d min value is outside of the memory region\n",
>   			regno);
>   		return err;
>   	}
> @@ -2518,18 +2527,38 @@ static int check_map_access(struct  
> bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
>   	 * If reg->umax_value + off could overflow, treat that as unbounded too.
>   	 */
>   	if (reg->umax_value >= BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF) {
> -		verbose(env, "R%d unbounded memory access, make sure to bounds check  
> any array access into a map\n",
> +		verbose(env, "R%d unbounded memory access, make sure to bounds check  
> any memory region access\n",
>   			regno);
>   		return -EACCES;
>   	}
> -	err = __check_map_access(env, regno, reg->umax_value + off, size,
> +	err = __check_mem_access(env, reg->umax_value + off, size, mem_size,
>   				 zero_size_allowed);
> -	if (err)
> -		verbose(env, "R%d max value is outside of the array range\n",
> +	if (err) {
> +		verbose(env, "R%d max value is outside of the memory region\n",
>   			regno);
> +		return err;
> +	}
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +/* check read/write into a map element with possible variable offset */
> +static int check_map_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
> +			    int off, int size, bool zero_size_allowed)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
> +	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
> +	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = &state->regs[regno];
> +	struct bpf_map *map = reg->map_ptr;
> +	int err;
> +
> +	err = check_mem_region_access(env, regno, off, size, map->value_size,
> +				      zero_size_allowed);
> +	if (err)
> +		return err;

> -	if (map_value_has_spin_lock(reg->map_ptr)) {
> -		u32 lock = reg->map_ptr->spin_lock_off;
> +	if (map_value_has_spin_lock(map)) {
> +		u32 lock = map->spin_lock_off;

>   		/* if any part of struct bpf_spin_lock can be touched by
>   		 * load/store reject this program.
> @@ -3211,6 +3240,16 @@ static int check_mem_access(struct  
> bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx, u32 regn
>   				mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, value_regno);
>   			}
>   		}
> +	} else if (reg->type == PTR_TO_MEM) {
> +		if (t == BPF_WRITE && value_regno >= 0 &&
> +		    is_pointer_value(env, value_regno)) {
> +			verbose(env, "R%d leaks addr into mem\n", value_regno);
> +			return -EACCES;
> +		}
> +		err = check_mem_region_access(env, regno, off, size,
> +					      reg->mem_size, false);
> +		if (!err && t == BPF_READ && value_regno >= 0)
> +			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, value_regno);
>   	} else if (reg->type == PTR_TO_CTX) {
>   		enum bpf_reg_type reg_type = SCALAR_VALUE;
>   		u32 btf_id = 0;
> @@ -3548,6 +3587,10 @@ static int check_helper_mem_access(struct  
> bpf_verifier_env *env, int regno,
>   			return -EACCES;
>   		return check_map_access(env, regno, reg->off, access_size,
>   					zero_size_allowed);
> +	case PTR_TO_MEM:
> +		return check_mem_region_access(env, regno, reg->off,
> +					       access_size, reg->mem_size,
> +					       zero_size_allowed);
>   	default: /* scalar_value|ptr_to_stack or invalid ptr */
>   		return check_stack_boundary(env, regno, access_size,
>   					    zero_size_allowed, meta);
> @@ -3652,6 +3695,17 @@ static bool arg_type_is_mem_size(enum bpf_arg_type  
> type)
>   	       type == ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO;
>   }

> +static bool arg_type_is_alloc_mem_ptr(enum bpf_arg_type type)
> +{
> +	return type == ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM ||
> +	       type == ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL;
> +}
> +
> +static bool arg_type_is_alloc_size(enum bpf_arg_type type)
> +{
> +	return type == ARG_CONST_ALLOC_SIZE_OR_ZERO;
> +}
> +
>   static bool arg_type_is_int_ptr(enum bpf_arg_type type)
>   {
>   	return type == ARG_PTR_TO_INT ||
> @@ -3711,7 +3765,8 @@ static int check_func_arg(struct bpf_verifier_env  
> *env, u32 regno,
>   			 type != expected_type)
>   			goto err_type;
>   	} else if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE ||
> -		   arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO) {
> +		   arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO ||
> +		   arg_type == ARG_CONST_ALLOC_SIZE_OR_ZERO) {
>   		expected_type = SCALAR_VALUE;
>   		if (type != expected_type)
>   			goto err_type;
> @@ -3782,13 +3837,29 @@ static int check_func_arg(struct bpf_verifier_env  
> *env, u32 regno,
>   		 * happens during stack boundary checking.
>   		 */
>   		if (register_is_null(reg) &&
> -		    arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL)
> +		    (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL ||
> +		     arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL))
>   			/* final test in check_stack_boundary() */;
>   		else if (!type_is_pkt_pointer(type) &&
>   			 type != PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE &&
> +			 type != PTR_TO_MEM &&
>   			 type != expected_type)
>   			goto err_type;
>   		meta->raw_mode = arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM;
> +	} else if (arg_type_is_alloc_mem_ptr(arg_type)) {
> +		expected_type = PTR_TO_MEM;
> +		if (register_is_null(reg) &&
> +		    arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL)
> +			/* final test in check_stack_boundary() */;
> +		else if (type != expected_type)
> +			goto err_type;
> +		if (meta->ref_obj_id) {
> +			verbose(env, "verifier internal error: more than one arg with  
> ref_obj_id R%d %u %u\n",
> +				regno, reg->ref_obj_id,
> +				meta->ref_obj_id);
> +			return -EFAULT;
> +		}
> +		meta->ref_obj_id = reg->ref_obj_id;
>   	} else if (arg_type_is_int_ptr(arg_type)) {
>   		expected_type = PTR_TO_STACK;
>   		if (!type_is_pkt_pointer(type) &&
> @@ -3884,6 +3955,13 @@ static int check_func_arg(struct bpf_verifier_env  
> *env, u32 regno,
>   					      zero_size_allowed, meta);
>   		if (!err)
>   			err = mark_chain_precision(env, regno);
> +	} else if (arg_type_is_alloc_size(arg_type)) {
> +		if (!tnum_is_const(reg->var_off)) {
> +			verbose(env, "R%d unbounded size, use 'var &= const' or 'if (var <  
> const)'\n",
> +				regno);
> +			return -EACCES;
> +		}
> +		meta->mem_size = reg->var_off.value;
>   	} else if (arg_type_is_int_ptr(arg_type)) {
>   		int size = int_ptr_type_to_size(arg_type);

> @@ -3920,6 +3998,13 @@ static int check_map_func_compatibility(struct  
> bpf_verifier_env *env,
>   		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_xdp_output)
>   			goto error;
>   		break;
> +	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF:
> +		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_output &&
> +		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve &&
> +		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_submit &&
> +		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_discard)
> +			goto error;
> +		break;
>   	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE:
>   		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_get_stackid)
>   			goto error;
> @@ -4644,6 +4729,11 @@ static int check_helper_call(struct  
> bpf_verifier_env *env, int func_id, int insn
>   		mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, BPF_REG_0);
>   		regs[BPF_REG_0].type = PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL;
>   		regs[BPF_REG_0].id = ++env->id_gen;
> +	} else if (fn->ret_type == RET_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL) {
> +		mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, BPF_REG_0);
> +		regs[BPF_REG_0].type = PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL;
> +		regs[BPF_REG_0].id = ++env->id_gen;
> +		regs[BPF_REG_0].mem_size = meta.mem_size;
>   	} else {
>   		verbose(env, "unknown return type %d of func %s#%d\n",
>   			fn->ret_type, func_id_name(func_id), func_id);
> @@ -6583,6 +6673,8 @@ static void mark_ptr_or_null_reg(struct  
> bpf_func_state *state,
>   			reg->type = PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK;
>   		} else if (reg->type == PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL) {
>   			reg->type = PTR_TO_BTF_ID;
> +		} else if (reg->type == PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL) {
> +			reg->type = PTR_TO_MEM;
>   		}
>   		if (is_null) {
>   			/* We don't need id and ref_obj_id from this point
> diff --git a/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c b/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c
> index d961428fb5b6..6e6b3f8f77c1 100644
> --- a/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c
> +++ b/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c
> @@ -1053,6 +1053,14 @@ bpf_tracing_func_proto(enum bpf_func_id func_id,  
> const struct bpf_prog *prog)
>   		return &bpf_perf_event_read_value_proto;
>   	case BPF_FUNC_get_ns_current_pid_tgid:
>   		return &bpf_get_ns_current_pid_tgid_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_output:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_output_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_reserve_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_submit:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_submit_proto;
> +	case BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_discard:
> +		return &bpf_ringbuf_discard_proto;
>   	default:
>   		return NULL;
>   	}
> diff --git a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h  
> b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> index bfb31c1be219..ae2deb6a8afc 100644
> --- a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ enum bpf_map_type {
>   	BPF_MAP_TYPE_SK_STORAGE,
>   	BPF_MAP_TYPE_DEVMAP_HASH,
>   	BPF_MAP_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS,
> +	BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF,
>   };

>   /* Note that tracing related programs such as
> @@ -3121,6 +3122,32 @@ union bpf_attr {
>    * 		0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure:
>    *
>    *		**-EOVERFLOW** if an overflow happened: The same object will be  
> tried again.
> + *
> + * void *bpf_ringbuf_output(void *ringbuf, void *data, u64 size, u64  
> flags)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Copy *size* bytes from *data* into a ring buffer *ringbuf*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		0, on success;
> + * 		< 0, on error.
> + *
> + * void *bpf_ringbuf_reserve(void *ringbuf, u64 size, u64 flags)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Reserve *size* bytes of payload in a ring buffer *ringbuf*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		Valid pointer with *size* bytes of memory available; NULL,
> + * 		otherwise.
> + *
> + * void bpf_ringbuf_submit(void *data)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Submit reserved ring buffer sample, pointed to by *data*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		Nothing.
> + *
> + * void bpf_ringbuf_discard(void *data)
> + * 	Description
> + * 		Discard reserved ring buffer sample, pointed to by *data*.
> + * 	Return
> + * 		Nothing.
>    */
>   #define __BPF_FUNC_MAPPER(FN)		\
>   	FN(unspec),			\
> @@ -3250,7 +3277,11 @@ union bpf_attr {
>   	FN(sk_assign),			\
>   	FN(ktime_get_boot_ns),		\
>   	FN(seq_printf),			\
> -	FN(seq_write),
> +	FN(seq_write),			\
> +	FN(ringbuf_output),		\
> +	FN(ringbuf_reserve),		\
> +	FN(ringbuf_submit),		\
> +	FN(ringbuf_discard),

>   /* integer value in 'imm' field of BPF_CALL instruction selects which  
> helper
>    * function eBPF program intends to call
> --
> 2.24.1